background: during the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the fields of lactococcal genetics and protein expression. lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) is an effective vector for protein expression and can be used as an antigen delivery system. hence, l. lactis is an ideal candidate for mucosal immunotherapy. profilin (che a 2), the major allergen in chenopodium album, is one ...

Antibody production and clinical efficacy (relative percent survival RPS) were measured in 40±5g rainbow trout after immunization with two types of Streptococcus iniae vaccines consisting of formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC enriched with the bacterial extracellular products (ECP) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p), immersion and oral routes at 16±1°C for 18 weeks. No significant differenc...

Hepatitis B persists as a common human disease despite effective vaccines having been employed for almost 30 years. Plants were considered as alternative sources of vaccines, to be mainly orally administered. Despite 20-year attempts, no real anti-HBV plant-based vaccine has been developed. Immunization trials, based on ingestion of raw plant tissue and conjugated with injection or exclusively ...

The current seventh pandemic of cholera, caused by serogroup O1, El Tor biotype, has now involved almost the entire developing world. The ongoing dynamic epidemiology of cholera, involving evolution of new strains, prolonged and more frequent epidemics, increased antimicrobial resistance, and awareness of the role of climate change upon the global burden has returned cholera to the forefront of...

CD-1 mice were vaccinated intragastrically or intramuscularly with one or two doses of 200,g of heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis 5694. Control mice were vaccinated with sublethal doses of living S. enteritidis Se795. The mice were challenged intragastrically with approximately 106 S. enteritidis 5694 SMR 7 to 14 days later, and the growth of the challenge population in the liver, spleen, mese...

This study explores the methodology of various experimental vaccines and their immunogenicity outcome in detail. The idea is to give to the reader a picture of the research methodology behind vaccine development that was used in this research. The novelty of this study bases on the demonstration of the cause and effect of antibodies produced against bacterial and viral proteins (immunogens) as ...